Diversification of Mexican Spanish: A Tridimensional Study in New World Sociolinguistics

Acknowledgements -- Prologue -- Introduction : Sociolinguistic diversification -- Diversification -- Diversification : social stratification -- Diversification : Stratification and popularization -- Language traditions -- Literary and popular language -- Language reforms and standardization -- Afterthe Warsof Independence -- Schoolsofthought -- The case of Spanish : from the beginning to New World Spanish -- New World Spanish : spoken and written -- The aim of this book -- Thechapters -- Explicative models -- The origins of Spanish : Spain and the New World -- The origins -- The riseof Castilian -- Repopulation of Andalusia -- Toledano and Old Castilian -- De-affrication, devoicing and inter-dentalization -- De-patatalization -- Yeísmo or de-latelarization -- Aspiration and omission of/s/ in implosive position -- Additional changes -- Spanish initial F- : pastand přsent perspectives -- Featuresof Judaeo-Spanish -- Features from Spain transplanted to New Spain -- The features of Andalusian Spanish -- Spanish speakers in New Spain -- Spanish speakers and the castes in the 16th century -- Theories on the origins of New World Spanish -- Koines and koineization in New World Spanish -- The use of dialect features in New Spain -- Conclusions -- The first speakers of Mexican Spanish -- The first Spanish speakers in Mesoamerica and social stratification -- The Spanish Caribbean experiment -- The encomienda in New Spain -- The new System of social stratification -- Origins of the first Spanish speakers -- The new laws of 1542 -- Spanish speakers in the 16th century : numbers and regions -- The new environment -- The process of socialization and diffusion -- Thecenter -- The Inquisition -- Mattersof routine in and around the Holy Office -- Spanish and the Holy Office -- The sins recorded by the Holy Office -- Spanish speakers and ethnie groups in the Abecedario -- Spanish speakers of African descent -- Afro-Mexicans and the process of acculturation -- Afro-Mexican enclaves -- Conclusions -- The Spanish language and its variations in New Spain -- The earliest Spanish documents written in Mexico -- The First Letter by Hernán Cortés -- The Second Letter by Hernán Cortés -- Salient features in Hernán Cortés' Cartas de Relación -- Adaptation of Amerindian languages -- Morphology and syntax -- Common verbs in transition -- Verbal clitics -- Stylistic and dialect variations -- Indicative and subjunctive -- Imperfect subjunctive in adverbial clauses -- Imperfect subjunctive in translation -- Conditional sentences with -SE in translation -- Conditional sentences with -RA in translation -- Extinct and current lexical items and discourse markers -- Use of Taino borrowings -- Documentation of Taino borrowings in New Spain -- Pronounsof address -- General features of 16th Century Spanish pronunciation -- General features of 16th Century Spanish : morpho-syntax -- Conclusions -- Koineization and the first generation of Spanish speakers -- The first generation -- Spanish space and Spanish institutions -- The formation of the Mexican Spanish koine -- The Spanish spoken and written in the 16th Century -- Evidence of dialect contact and dialect change -- Other documents related to Hernán Cortés -- The features of Cortesian texts -- Spellings of common verbs -- Morpho-syntactic features of Cortesian texts -- Position of verbal clitics -- Pro-etymological and anti-etymologicat verbal clitics -- Variable use of PARA and PA -- The useof imperfect subjunctive -- Pronounsof address : from Cortés' letters to 1555 -- Diffusion of Spanish, discourse markers, and lexical items -- Loansfrom Taino and Nahuatl -- The speech of Diego de Ordaz -- Morpho-syntactic features of Diego de Ordaz -- The origins of voseo -- Nahuatl loans in the Vocabulario de la lengua castellana y mexicana -- The explicative model of proto-Mexican Spanish -- The Gulfof Mexico -- The sibilants in the Gulf -- Leísmo in the Gulf -- Use of subject pronouns : vos, vosotros, vuestra merced -- Imperfect subjunctive : variations in -SE and -RA -- Lexicon -- Conclusions -- How Spanish diversified -- Occupationalactivitiesand social networks -- Mining and metallurgy -- Mining centers and ethnie groups -- Taxco -- Pachuca -- Sultepec -- Puebla -- Queretaro -- San Luis Potosi -- Guanajuato -- Zacatecas -- Forms of labor and language contact -- Losingthetiestothe land -- Labor and agriculture : indigenous vs. Spanish crops -- The obrajes -- Formal ̌ducation -- Education for women -- Additional activities promoting the use of Spanish -- Spanish literature in Spain and in New Spain -- Conclusions -- Continuity and change : The second generation -- The innovations of the second generation -- Linguistic documents : the Central Highlands -- Pronunciation traits -- Other pronunciation features -- Morpho-syntactic features -- Imperfect subjunctive -- Pronouns of address -- Original letters by Alonso Ortiz -- Mixing tú, vos and vuestra merced -- Suárez de Peralta's Tratado del descubrimiento de las Yndias y su conquista -- Relevant features in Sùrez de Peralta's Tratado -- Object pronouns LES and LOS in the second-generation -- Other object pronouns -- Verb forms -- Pronoun of address in the Tratado -- Vuesa(s) merced(es) -- Use of imperfect subjunctive -- Conditional sentences ending with -RA -- Discourse markers, idiomatic expressions and other features -- References toethnicity -- Linguistic documents : the Gulf -- Miscellaneous traits in the Gulf -- The system of pronouns of address : tú, vos, vosotros, vuestra merced, su merced -- Ctitic pronouns as direct objects -- Imperfect subjunctive : variations of -SE and -RA -- Lexical items referring to ethnicity -- More examptes from the second generation -- Conclusions -- Religion, bilingualism and acculturation -- Religion as a driving force -- Population losses and language shift -- Factors contributing to maintenance : new politicai Organization -- New religion and language maintenance and shift -- Rescuing the past for the future -- The second generation and the good memories about Tlatelolco -- Strategies of Hispanizaron -- Religion and the indigenous masses -- Hispanicization of the indigenous -- Transculturation and miscegenation -- Language contact, bilingualism, and socio-ethnie groups -- Bilingual individuais and bilingual groups -- Ethnicity and socio-ethnie labels -- Hispanization of the Afro-Mexican population -- Conclusions -- Diversification and stability : 17th century -- Spanish speakers in the 17th century -- Education of Spanish speakers -- Uprooting and integration of the castes -- Colonial Spanish in the oldest Spanish-speaking regions -- The spellingof the sibilants in Castilian -- The spelling of the sibilants in the Central Highlands -- Sibilants in the Gulf -- Regular seseo -- Residual verb forms -- Leísmo in the Central Highlands and in the Gulf -- Inanimate objects and leísmo -- Pronouns of address : tú, vuestra merced, su merced, Usted -- Vuestra merced. Usted and vosotros -- Change of pronouns in the personal domain -- Imperfect subjunctive with -SE and -RA -- Ethnie groups -- Literature in Spanish -- Conclusion -- The end of the colonial period : 18th century -- Attrition of peninsular Spanish variants -- The growth and decline of the colony -- Spanish emigrantsto NewSpain -- Population of NewSpain -- The revillagigedo census -- The growth of the cities -- Education -- The Bourbon reforms, the economy and ethnicity -- Language attrition in the Central Highlands and in the Gulf -- Attrition of morpho-syntactic variants -- Direct object pronouns LE and LO -- Pronouns of address -- Use of -SE and -RA in conditional clauses and imperfect subjunctive -- The use of -SE and -RA in officiai documentation -- Lexicon -- Language reforms, journalism and literature -- Spanish-accented Nahuatl -- Conclusions -- Diversification, attrition and residual variants -- Attrition-focused variants -- Optimal residual variants -- The prepositions PARA and PA -- Dissolution of hiatus -- Addition of-s in the přťrit -- Duplicate possessives -- Amerindian loans -- Residual variants belonging to the vernacular realm -- The diphthong /we/ in various positions -- Verb forms -- The endings -RA and -RA in protasisand apodosis -- Lexical items and idiomatic expressions in popular speech -- The common denominator : residual variants -- Infrequent variants in modem Mexican Spanish -- Variants discarded in Mexican Spanish -- Modem Usted -- Conclusions -- Conclusions -- A tridimensional study -- The role of history : direct external factors -- Creole and semi-creole varieties -- From the past to the present : indirect external factors -- Peninsular, New World and Latin American Spanish -- Stages of diversification -- PARA and PA in Venezuela -- Diversification of the New World Spanish tree -- Final conclusions -- Appendix -- References -- Index. Margarita Hidalgo. Includes bibliographical references (pages 401-414) and index.