Adaptive Learning and the Human Condition

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table Of Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- About The Author -- Part 1 A Science Of Adaptive Learning -- Chapter 1 Science, Psychology, And Adaptive Learning -- The Human Condition -- Explanation And Empiricism -- The Scientific Method -- Early History Of Psychology -- Psychology Today -- Scientific Explanation In Psychology -- Where Does Psychology Look For Explanations? -- Human Genetic Potential -- The Importance Of Learning -- Definitions Of Learning -- Operational -- Structural/functional -- Adaptive -- Direct And Indirect Learning -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 2 Adaptive Learning Research Methods -- Internal And External Validity -- Nonexperimental Research Methods -- Experimental Research Methods -- Studies Comparing Groups -- Small-n Designs -- Establishing The Baseline -- Reversal Designs -- Multiple Baseline Designs -- Adaptive Learning Research Methods And External Validity -- Nonhumans As Subjects -- Experimental Apparatus -- Summary -- References -- Part 2 Predictive Learning -- Chapter 3 Predictive Learning: Basic Principles And Phenomena -- Pavlov's Classical Conditioning Paradigm -- Measurement Procedures -- Anticipation -- Blank Trials -- Sign Tracking -- Conditioned Suppression -- Basic Predictive Learning Phenomena -- Acquisition -- Extinction -- Spontaneous Recovery -- External Inhibition And Disinhibition -- Renewal -- Stimulus Generalization And Discrimination -- Higher-order Conditioning And Sensory Preconditioning -- Excitatory And Inhibitory Learning -- The Summation Procedure -- The Retardation-of-acquisition Procedure -- Latent Extinction -- Occasion Setting -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 4 Predictive Learning: Basic Variables And Theoretical Issues -- Variables Influencing Predictive Learning -- Sequencing Of Events. Timing Of Events-the Law Of Temporal Contiguity -- Eyeblink And Heart Rate Conditioning -- An Exception-acquired Taste Aversion -- Intensity Of Events -- Scheduling Of Events -- Theoretical Issues -- Is Extinction Unlearning Or Inhibitory Learning? -- Pavlov's Stimulus Substitution Model -- Is Temporal Contiguity Sufficient? -- Must The Cr Resemble The Ur? -- The Rescorla-wagner Model -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 5 Predictive Learning: Applications -- Basic And Applied Science -- Direct Classical Conditioning Of Emotions -- Indirect Classical Conditioning Of Emotions -- Desensitization And Sensitization Procedures -- Classical Conditioning Of Word Meaning -- Classical Conditioning Of Attitudes -- Evaluative Conditioning -- Classical Conditioning Of Drug Tolerance -- Summary -- References -- Part 3 Control Learning -- Chapter 6 Control Learning: Basic Principles And Phenomena -- Thorndike And Skinner -- Apparatuses Used To Study Control Learning -- Skinner's Contingency Schema -- Adaptive Learning Overview -- Learned And Unlearned Appetitive And Aversive Stimuli -- Discriminative Stimuli And Warning Stimuli -- Stimulus-response Chains -- Basic Control Learning Phenomena -- Acquisition-appetitive Control -- Acquisition-aversive Control -- Species-specific Characteristics And Adaptive Learning -- Other Basic Control Learning Phenomena -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 7 Control Learning: Basic Variables And Theoretical Issues -- Variables Influencing Control Learning -- Deprivation -- Timing Of Consequence -- Positive Reinforcement -- Negative Reinforcement-escape -- Punishment -- Intensity Of Consequence -- Positive Reinforcement -- Positive Punishment -- Scheduling Of Consequences -- Contingency Between Response And Consequence -- Positive Reinforcement -- Negative Reinforcement-learned Helplessness -- Theoretical Issues. What Maintains Avoidance Responding? -- Two-factor Theory -- Cognitive Theory Of Control Learning -- Theoretical Explanations Of The Pree -- Discrimination -- Frustration Theory -- Sequential Theory -- Is Punishment Effective? -- Problems Of Implementation -- Punishment Side Effects -- Desirability Of Reinforcing An Alternative Response -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 8 Control Learning: Applications -- Speech And Language (verbal Symbolic Behavior) -- Parenting -- Parenting Styles And Control Learning -- Parenting Styles And Moral Development -- Preparing For Adulthood -- Preparing Children To Be Hunter/gatherers -- Preparing Children For School And Work -- Treating Behavioral Problems With Nonverbal Individuals -- Applied Behavior Analysis With Autistic Children -- Behavioral Excesses-reducing Self-injurious Behavior -- Behavioral Deficits-establishing Imitation And Speech -- Treating Behavioral Problems With Verbal Individuals -- Cognitive-behavioral Treatment Of Depression -- Contingency Management Of Substance Abuse -- Empirically Validated Therapeutic Techniques -- Using Technology To Treat Behavioral Excesses -- Relapse Prevention -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 9 Schedules Of Reward And Maintenance Of Learned Behavior -- Skinnerian Methodology -- The Operant Chamber (skinner-box) -- Cumulative Records -- Skinner's Schema Of Intermittent Schedules Of Reinforcement -- Why Do Ratio Schedules Produce Higher Response Rates Than Interval Schedules? -- Maintenance Of Learned Behavior -- Differential Reinforcement Schedules As Alternatives To Punishment -- Extinction As An Alternative To Punishment -- Noncontingent Reinforcement As An Alternative To Punishment -- Summary -- References -- Part 4 The Human Condition -- Chapter 10 Personality, Socialization, And Culture -- Multiple Schedules, Personality, And Culture. Stimulus Control, Baseball, And The Human Condition -- Measuring Stimulus Control In The Laboratory -- Determinants Of Stimulus Control Test Patterns -- The Peak Shift And Spence's Model Of Discrimination Learning -- Attention Theory And Discrimination Learning -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 11 Becoming Human And Transforming The Human Condition -- Concept Learning -- Qualitative And Quantitative Concepts -- Natural Concepts -- Learning To Learn -- Basic Research In Problem Solving -- Facilitative Effects Of Prior Experience -- Interference Effects Of Prior Experience -- The General Problem-solving Process -- Tools, Technology, And The Human Condition -- The Law Of Accelerating Returns -- The Stone Age, Bronze Age, And Iron Age -- The Industrial Revolution And The Modern Era -- The Phonetic Alphabet And Arabic Numbering System -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 12 Becoming Human Through Indirect Social Learning -- Bandura's Four-stage Model Of Observational Learning -- Attention -- Retention -- Response Capability -- Motivation -- Speech And Language -- Hockett's Features Of Language -- Language Acquisition -- Preparing For School And The 3 Rs -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 13 Adaptive Learning And Self-actualization -- The Nukak's Physiological Needs -- Hunting And Gathering -- The Nukak's Shelter And Safety Needs -- Building A Campsite -- The Nukak's Love And Interpersonal Needs -- The Nukak's Esteem Needs -- The Nukak's Self-actualization Needs -- Our Physiological Needs In Comparison To The Nukak's -- Our Shelter And Safety Needs In Comparison To The Nukak's -- Our Love And Interpersonal Needs In Comparison To The Nukak's -- Developmental Tasks And Stages For The Nukak And Us -- Our Esteem Needs In Comparison To The Nukak's -- Our Self-actualization Needs In Comparison To The Nukak's -- Bridges, Globalization, And The Human Condition. Summary -- References -- Chapter 14 Self-actualization Through Self-control -- Concurrent Schedules And The Matching Law -- Self-control-magnitude And Delay Of Reinforcement -- Commitment -- The Marshmallow Test -- Matching, Impulsiveness, And Adaptive Learning -- Determinism And Freedom -- Lightning, Sharks, And Human Predators -- Will Power And Self-control -- Self-control As Problem Solving -- Defining And Measuring The Problem -- Collecting Baseline And Intervention Data -- Manipulating As And Cs To Affect Bs -- Improving The Human Condition Through Humanistic Ecology -- Summary -- References -- Glossary -- References -- Credits -- Index.