Marine Protected Areas in International Law : An Arctic Perspective

Introduction -- Legal Competence To Establish Mpas Within National Jurisdiction And On The High Seas -- From A Functional To A Holistic Approach -- Pre-los Convention : Principles In Customary Law -- The Traditional Approach Of The Los Convention To Protect And Preserve The Marine Environment And To Conserve Living Resources -- Developments Since 1982 : The Obligations To Protect And Conserve Marine Biodiversity -- Global Obligations On Conservation Of Marine Biological Diversity -- Regional Obligations And Implementation Of Obligations On Conservation Of Marine Biodiversity -- Conclusions -- Legal Obligations To Establish Mpas - Introductory Remarks -- The Los Convention And Establishment And Management Of Mpas -- Is There A Legal Duty To Establish Mpas Under The Cbd? -- When Is There A Legal Obligation Under The Cbd To Establish Mpas? -- The Management Of Mpas Under The Cbd Convention -- The Ospar Convention And Mpas -- Mpas Under The Arctic Council -- The Relationship Between The Cbd And The Los Convention : Conflicting Norms And Mechanisms For Solving Them -- Regulation Of Navigation In Mpas -- Specially Designated Areas To Protect The Marine Environment Against Impact Of International Shipping Activities -- Final Remarks. By Ingvild Ulrikke Jakobsen. Based On Author's Thesis (doctoral - University Of Tromsø, The Arctic University Of Norway, 2010) Issued Under Title: Marine Protected Areas In International Law A Norwegian Perspective--verso Of Title Page. Includes Bibliographical References (pages 407-426) And Index.