Cyberflashing: Recognising Harms, Reforming Laws

Front Cover -- Cyberflashing: Recognising Harms, Reforming Laws -- Copyright Information -- Table Of Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Recognising Women's Experiences -- Cyberflashing Terminology -- Recognising Cyberflashing: Nature, Extent And Harms -- Reforming The Criminal Law -- Beyond The Criminal Law -- Part I Recognising Cyberflashing -- One Cyberflashing As A Sexual Intrusion: Nature, Extent And Motivations -- How Common Is Cyberflashing? -- What Is Cyberflashing? -- Cyberflashing In Public Spaces And On Public Transport -- Cyberflashing In Online Dating And Hook-up Apps Cyberflashing On Social Media And Other Digital Technologies -- Why Do Men Send Unsolicited Penis Images? -- Cyberflashing As 'transactionally' Motivated -- Sexual Gratification And Exhibitionism -- Threatening, Harassing And Causing Distress -- Multiple, Overlapping Motivations: Masculinity, Entitlement And Control -- Conceptualising Cyberflashing As A Sexual Intrusion -- Conclusions -- Two The Harms Of Cyberflashing -- Harms As Gendered, Intersectional And Contextual -- Infringing Sexual Autonomy -- Sexual Violation -- Humiliation -- Inducing Threat And Fear: What Might Happen Next? Cumulative Harms And The Right To 'everyday Life' -- Broader Social And Cultural Harms -- Conclusions -- Part Ii Reforming The Criminal Law -- Three Justifying Criminalisation: Recognition, Redress And Justice -- Challenging Criminalisation -- Complicating Criminalisation -- Justifying Criminalisation -- Recognition And Expressive Justice -- The 'under-criminalisation' Of Women's Harms -- Harm To Others And Social Utility -- Beyond Punitive Punishment -- Conclusions -- Four Cyberflashing And The Limits Of English Criminal Law -- Cyberflashing As A Sexual Offence? Cyberflashing As Indecent And A Public Outrage? -- Cyberflashing As Harassment? -- Cyberflashing As A Problematic Communication? -- Conclusions -- Five Cyberflashing Laws: Comparative Perspectives -- Scotland: Coercing A Person To Look At A Sexual Image -- Ireland: Intentionally Engaging In 'offensive Conduct Of A Sexual Nature' -- Singapore: New Offence Of Sexual Exposure -- United States: From Penis Images To Unsolicited Pornography -- Texas: Unlawful Electronic Transmission Of Sexually Explicit Material -- California: The Flash Act (forbid Lewd Activity And Sexual Harassment) Pennsylvania: Unsolicited Dissemination Of 'lewd And Lascivious' Images -- New York: Sending Unsolicited Intimate Images With Intent To Harass -- Chicago: Airdropping Intimate Images Without Consent -- Cyberflashing: A Global Challenge -- Conclusions -- Six Criminalising Cyberflashing: Recommendations For Law Reform -- Targeting Cyberflashing: Crafting A Bespoke Offence -- Cyberflashing As A Sexual Offence -- All The Penises: Not Limited To Images Of The Perpetrator's Genitals -- Fake Images And Imaginary People -- Target Distribution Not Actual Viewing Of Images -- The Problem With Motives Clare Mcglynn, Kelly Johnson. Electronic Reproduction. Baltimore, Md Available Via World Wide Web.