袍哥：1940年代川西乡村的暴力与秩序

Paoge was a secret social organization active in the upper and middle reach of the Yangtze River before 1949, whose influence was no less than Qing Gang and Hong Men. In its prime, about 70% of adult men joined it in Sichuan province. It influenced many places, especially in the Sichuan and Hunan army, also an important power of the late Qing revolution.