Colchester, Fortress of the War God: An Archaeological Assessment

This volume is a critical assessment of the current state of archaeological knowledge of the settlement originally called Camulodunon and now known as Colchester. The town has been the subject of antiquarian interest since the late 16th century and the first modern archaeological excavations occurred in 1845 close to Colchester Castle, the towns most prominent historic site.
The earliest significant human occupation recorded from Colchester dates to the late Neolithic, but it was only towards the end of the 1st century BC that an oppidum was established in the area. This was superseded initially by a Roman legionary fortress and then the colonia of Camulodunum on a hilltop bounded on the north and east by the river Colne. There is little evidence for continuing occupation here in the early post-Roman period, but in 917 the town was re-established as a burgh and gradually grew in importance. After the Norman Conquest, a castle was built on the foundations of the ruined Roman Temple of Claudius, and a priory and an abbey were established just to the south of the walled town.
Although the town, as elsewhere, was affected by the Dissolution of the Monasteries and the English Civil War it remained essentially medieval in character until the 18th century. During the 19th century this process of change was accelerated by the arrival of the railway, industrialisation and the establishment of the military garrison.
Since the 1960s Colchester has been subject to recurring phases of re-development, the most recent having ended only in 2007, which have had a significant impact on the historic environment. Fortunately the town is one of the best studied in the country.

Table of Contents

Introduction

1. The history of archaeology in Colchester
The antiquarians and collectors
The excavators
The Colchester Archaeological Trust

2. Geology and the Deposit Model
Geology
The Deposit Model

3. Prehistoric Colchester
Introduction
Past work
The finds evidence
The archaeological evidence
Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic
The Bronze Age
The early and middle Iron Age
The current state of knowledge
Preservation
Importance
Potential for future research

4. Camulodunon in the late Iron Age
Introduction and historical framework
Past work
The finds evidence
The archaeological evidence
The oppidum
The dykes
Settlement – Sheepen
Other settlement evidence
Manufacturing and trade
Agriculture and the field system
Burials and ritual structures
The current state of knowledge
Importance
Preservation
Potential for future research

5. The Roman legionary fortress, AD43–49
Introduction and historical framework
Past work
The finds evidence
The archaeological evidence
Military structures outside the legionary fortress
Gosbecks fort
Fingringhoe supply base
The road network
Siting, preparation, laying-out and construction of the fortress
Fortress defences
Fortress streets
Barrack blocks
Other military buildings
Construction of the fortress buildings
Industrial activity
Food, water supply and drainage
Disposal of the dead
Claudian occupation evidence and Iron Age continuity
The current state of knowledge
Preservation
Importance
Potential for future research

6. The early Roman colonia, AD 49–61
Introduction and historical framework
Past work
The finds evidence
The archaeological evidence
The creation of the colonia and its hinterland
Fortress into colonia: the revised layout
Defences
Buildings of the colonia
Public buildings
Manufacturing and trade
Diet
Cemeteries
Resistance to Rome – evidence for the Boudican revolt
The current state of knowledge
Preservation
Importance
Potential for future research

7. The later Roman town, AD 61–410
Introduction and historical framework
Past work
The archaeological evidence
Topographical organisation
Boundaries, defences and roads
Public and monumental buildings and structures
Water supply
Domestic and commercial buildings
Manufacturing and trade
Farming strategies and diet
Religious and burial practice
Extramural development
T